What is the Hora? This can be a very confusing question, judging from recent discussions on the Jewish Music List. Here in Canada, if you were to attend a Jewish wedding and the band started to play the song Hava Nagila, people would generally form a circle, and start moving in a counterclockwise direction. Some would be walking, others running, and a large proportion of the dancers would begin to do a grapevine step. At some point the dancers would converge inward, and then back out. Some might choose to dance in the middle, and concentric circles might form. The circle could become a line, with a leader snaking the line around the room. This sort of free form dance, frequently with the grapevine step featured is what Canadian Jews would call the Hora. Stated more simply by Steve Weintraub, "In America, "the hora" is the *generic name for "Jewish dancing." The grapevine step often employed, is called a Mayim step in Israeli folk dancing, because it comes from the Israeli folk dance called Mayim. But there are many other definitions of Hora, in a Jewish and non- Jewish folk dance context, so let's look at a few.
To European and North American Jews, prior to the establishment of the state of Israel, the Hora meant the Zionist or Palestinian Hora. This dance became the Israeli Hora. The travelling step in this dance is a 6 beat step which you can see in this historic description circa 1946. It's the well known walk-walk-step-kick-step-kick pattern. Just to keep things interesting, the step employed in the Israeli Hora is actually known as the sarba step in Romanian folk dancing. You can view an archival film of European Jews dancing a Hora at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Website (4:08 minute mark). This particular step pattern is the same as the Yiddish Bulgar.
However, there is an older Jewish definition
of the word Hora that was and is used among klezmer musicians.
In that context, the
Hora aka Zhok
(see video when you click the link), was and is a slow and stately
dance that is performed to a specific rhythm pattern, the slow-quick
underlying back-beat. Visit the dance
index page to find a detailed view of this dance. According to
the late Dick Crum, this version of Hora is based upon a
Romanian Hora:
"The so-called "Slow Hora." In Romania the "Slow Hora" (an
ad-hoc, informal term used among American researchers of the subject --
no standard "term of art" seems to exist among Romanian dance
researchers) is danced to various tunes and under various names, and
appears to be limited to Moldavia/Bucovina, possibly to the old upper
classes (?). It is usually performed to a relatively slow melody,
conventionally notated in 6/8 meter.
Its rhythm is "slow-quick, slow-quick" (2/16-1/16, 2/16-1/16) per measure.
The dance is slow, majestic, almost solemn, in a walking style, with hands joined at shoulder height and held slightly forward, elbows bent gently"Also in a klezmer context, there is a dance, referred to as Country Hora by Zev Feldman, that is a different version than the Zhok. The music for this type of Hora is not Zhok, but instead a 2 or 4 beat, quick tempo, melody.
Within the Chasidic
community, the current definition of Hora is similar to the
Israeli Hora noted above. This version of Hora is often
referred to as the Yerushalimer Hora. This dance is taught
as the Chasidic Hora by Jill Gellerman in the video
Dancing into Marriage, available from
Judith Brin Ingber.
Within Israeli folk dance, the word Hora
is now frequently also attached to specific choreographies that are
not anything like the original Israeli Hora. Many people
would be familiar with dances like Hora Medura, Hora Hadera and
the list goes on.
In addtion to all the Jewish versions of the
Hora we've been discussing, we must not forget that in many
European languages, the word hora is a generic word for
dance. In other words, the Hora is in the eye of the
beholder.
I wish to thank Steve Weintraub for his
editing of this article and to all who participated in this discussion
on the Jewish Music List over Dec 14-18, 2007 and beyond, for adding
many points to ponder.
*In the world of Yiddish dance, generic
Jewish dancing is called the Freylekhs
More Hora Info:
Visit
Günther Schöller's website for more information.
Dancing Slow Hora at
Ashkenaz, 2008
View video
Photo by Dina Roginsky
Video by Leon Balaban
Video of Israeli Hora with Ayalah Goren, daughter of Gurit Kadman, a.k.a. the Mother of Israeli Folk Dance. Note that this dance is different than the huge number of more recently choreographed Israeli folk dances that often have the word hora in the title; e.g., Hora Medura, Hora Hadera etc.